Small Animal Topic

Anal Sac Tumors in Dogs

...hypercalcemia and presence of lymph node involvement. Surgical removal of these nodes can produce long-term relief of constipation. Some animals have had multiple surgeries to remove recurrent lymph nodes to...
Small Animal Topic

Nasopharyngeal Polyps

...after ventral bulla osteotomy) Figure 8. Horner’s syndrome in a cat after ventral bulla osteotomy on the left side. The cat’s left third eyelid has come up to block a...
Small Animal Topic

Mammary Tumors

...character of all the mammary masses and assess local lymph node enlargement. Other procedures are performed to stage the cancer (determine what type it is and where it is located...
Small Animal Topic

Atlantoaxial Instability

...be stabilized from the top (dorsal) or from the bottom (ventral). Most surgeons will now use a ventral technique, as approaches from the dorsal side do not usually result in...
Small Animal Topic

Lung Lobe Tumors

...longer when the tumor is smaller or located on the periphery of the lung lobe (15–17.5 months), when the lymph nodes are small (20 months) and when the tumor can...
Small Animal Topic

Mast Cell Tumors

...analysis of the tumor has been performed. The tumor is removed and submitted for histopathology. Metastasis (spread of tumor cells) occurs first at the local lymph nodes and then potentially...
Small Animal Topic

Bone Tumors in Cats and Dogs

...grade (i.e., osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma), whether the surgical margins are free of tumor cells (for limb-sparing surgery), and whether the tumor has spread to a regional lymph node. Figure 5...
Large Animal Topic

Sinusitis in Horses

...sinuses—the frontal, sphenopalatine and maxillary sinuses, and the dorsal, middle and ventral conchal sinuses. The maxillary sinus is the largest paranasal sinus and is divided into two parts (rostral and...