Small Animal Topic

Perineal Hernias

...a caudal perineal hernia. Other perineal hernias include the dorsolateral (between the coccygeus and levator ani), ventral (between the ischiourethralis, bulbocavernosus, and ischiocavernosus muscles) and sciatic perineal hernia (between the...
Small Animal Topic

Anal Sac Tumors in Dogs

...hypercalcemia and presence of lymph node involvement. Surgical removal of these nodes can produce long-term relief of constipation. Some animals have had multiple surgeries to remove recurrent lymph nodes to...
Small Animal Topic

Mammary Tumors

...character of all the mammary masses and assess local lymph node enlargement. Other procedures are performed to stage the cancer (determine what type it is and where it is located...
Small Animal Topic

Urinary Obstruction in Male Cats

...of cats within the first year after perineal urethrostomy. Perineal urethrostomy does not prevent bladder inflammation or stone formation. Prevention of urethral blockage depends on the cause of the blockage....
Large Animal Topic

Urolithiasis in Small Ruminants

...case, additional surgical procedures are needed. Perineal Urethrostomy: The urethra and its surrounding tissues can be easily felt in the back end (“perineum”) of sheep and goats 2-3 inches below...
Small Animal Topic

Castration

...(cancer) testicular torsion perineal hernia underlying urinary tract disease (urethral calculi) prostatic diseases perianal adenomas The role of neutering pets and future development of certain cancers or orthopedic disease remains...
Small Animal Topic

Lung Lobe Tumors

...longer when the tumor is smaller or located on the periphery of the lung lobe (15–17.5 months), when the lymph nodes are small (20 months) and when the tumor can...
Small Animal Topic

Mast Cell Tumors

...analysis of the tumor has been performed. The tumor is removed and submitted for histopathology. Metastasis (spread of tumor cells) occurs first at the local lymph nodes and then potentially...
Small Animal Topic

Bone Tumors in Cats and Dogs

...grade (i.e., osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma), whether the surgical margins are free of tumor cells (for limb-sparing surgery), and whether the tumor has spread to a regional lymph node. Figure 5...