Small Animal Topic

Anal Sac Tumors in Dogs

...hypercalcemia and presence of lymph node involvement. Surgical removal of these nodes can produce long-term relief of constipation. Some animals have had multiple surgeries to remove recurrent lymph nodes to...
Large Animal Topic

Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) in Horses

...make recommendations about which treatment is indicated. If removal is determined the best course of action, the most common technique used is arthroscopy (Figure 3). Arthroscopy usually requires general anesthesia,...
Small Animal Topic

Mammary Tumors

...character of all the mammary masses and assess local lymph node enlargement. Other procedures are performed to stage the cancer (determine what type it is and where it is located...
Small Animal Topic

Osteochondrosis of the Shoulder

...on only one leg, this condition may be present in the opposite leg too. Figure 4: A shoulder OCD flap seen under arthroscopy There are several modality options that may...
Small Animal Topic

Canine Elbow Dysplasia

...scans, or arthroscopy (Figures 4 and 5). Figure 2: an ununited anconeal process (UAP) in an 18 month old dog. Note the large unattached fragment at the top of the...
Small Animal Topic

Bone Tumors in Cats and Dogs

...grade (i.e., osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma), whether the surgical margins are free of tumor cells (for limb-sparing surgery), and whether the tumor has spread to a regional lymph node. Figure 5...
Small Animal Topic

Mast Cell Tumors

...analysis of the tumor has been performed. The tumor is removed and submitted for histopathology. Metastasis (spread of tumor cells) occurs first at the local lymph nodes and then potentially...
Small Animal Topic

Lung Lobe Tumors

...longer when the tumor is smaller or located on the periphery of the lung lobe (15–17.5 months), when the lymph nodes are small (20 months) and when the tumor can...
Small Animal Topic

Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease

...and may require visual inspection via arthrotomy, mini-arthrotomy, or arthroscopy to confirm. X-rays allow your veterinarian to: confirm the presence of a soft tissue opacity consistent with joint effusion (fluid...
Large Animal Topic

Regenerative Medicine in Equine Surgery

...or capsulitis Surgical arthroscopy of the joint may be indicated and beneficial to better determine prognosis Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IRAP) Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein, also referred to as autologous...